hideList of chemical elements
Atomic number Symbol Element Etymology[41][42] Group Period Atomic weight[43][44] Density Melting point[45] Boiling point Specific heat capacity Electro­negativity Abundance in Earth's crust[I]
(Da) (g/cm3) (K) (K) (J/g · K) (mg/kg)
 
1 H Hydrogen Greek elements hydro- and -gen, 'water-forming' 1 1 1 0.00008988 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400
2 He Helium Greek hḗlios, 'sun' 18 1 4.002602(2) 0.0001785 —[II] 4.22 5.193 – 0.008
3 Li Lithium Greek líthos, 'stone' 1 2 6.94[III][IV][V][VI][VII] 0.534 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20
4 Be Beryllium Beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India[citation needed]) 2 2 9.0121831(5) 1.85 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8
5 B Boron Borax, a mineral (from Arabic bawraq) 13 2 10.81[III][IV][V][VII] 2.34 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10
6 C Carbon Latin carbo, 'coal' 14 2 12.011[III][V][VII] 2.267 >4000 (pressure dependent) 4300 0.709 2.55 200
7 N Nitrogen Greek nítron and -gen, 'niter-forming' 15 2 14.007[III][V][VII] 0.0012506 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19
8 O Oxygen Greek oxy- and -gen, 'acid-forming' 16 2 15.999[III][V][VII] 0.001429 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000
9 F Fluorine Latin fluere, 'to flow' 17 2 18.998403163(6) 0.001696 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585
10 Ne Neon Greek néon, 'new' 18 2 20.1797(6)[III][IV] 0.0008999 24.56 27.07 1.03 – 0.005
11 Na Sodium English (from medieval Latin) soda (the symbol Na is derived from New Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, 'natron') 1 3 22.98976928(2) 0.971 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600
12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 2 3 24.305[VII] 1.738 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300
13 Al Aluminium alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis), 'bitter salt, alum' 13 3 26.9815384(3) 2.698 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300
14 Si Silicon Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium) 14 3 28.085[V][VII] 2.3296 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000
15 P Phosphorus Greek phōsphóros, 'light-bearing' 15 3 30.973761998(5) 1.82 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050
16 S Sulfur Latin sulphur, 'brimstone' 16 3 32.06[III][V][VII] 2.067 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350
17 Cl Chlorine Greek chlōrós, 'greenish yellow' 17 3 35.45[III][IV][V][VII] 0.003214 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145
18 Ar Argon Greek argós, 'idle' (because of its inertness) 18 3 39.95[III][V][VII] 0.0017837 83.80 87.30 0.52 – 3.5
19 K Potassium New Latin potassa, 'potash', iself from pot and ash (the symbol K is derived from Latin kalium) 1 4 39.0983(1) 0.862 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900
20 Ca Calcium Latin calx, 'lime' 2 4 40.078(4)[III] 1.54 1115 1757 0.647 1 41500
21 Sc Scandium Latin Scandia, 'Scandinavia' 3 4 44.955908(5) 2.989 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22
22 Ti Titanium Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology 4 4 47.867(1) 4.54 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650
23 V Vanadium Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 4 50.9415(1) 6.11 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120
24 Cr Chromium Greek chróma, 'colour' 6 4 51.9961(6) 7.15 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102
25 Mn Manganese Corrupted from magnesia negra; see Magnesium 7 4 54.938043(2) 7.44 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950
26 Fe Iron English word (the symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum) 8 4 55.845(2) 7.874 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300
27 Co Cobalt German Kobold, 'goblin' 9 4 58.933194(3) 8.86 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25
28 Ni Nickel Nickel, a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology 10 4 58.6934(4) 8.912 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84
29 Cu Copper English word, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros 'Cyprus' 11 4 63.546(3)[V] 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.9 60
30 Zn Zinc Most likely from German Zinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggest Persian sang, 'stone' 12 4 65.38(2) 7.134 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70
31 Ga Gallium Latin Gallia, 'France' 13 4 69.723(1) 5.907 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19
32 Ge Germanium Latin Germania, 'Germany' 14 4 72.630(8) 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5
33 As Arsenic French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka, 'golden' 15 4 74.921595(6) 5.776 1090[VIII] 887 0.329 2.18 1.8
34 Se Selenium Greek selḗnē, 'moon' 16 4 78.971(8)[V] 4.809 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05
35 Br Bromine Greek brômos, 'stench' 17 4 79.904[VII] 3.122 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4
36 Kr Krypton Greek kryptós, 'hidden' 18 4 83.798(2)[III][IV] 0.003733 115.79 119.93 0.248 3 1×10−4
37 Rb Rubidium Latin rubidus, 'deep red' 1 5 85.4678(3)[III] 1.532 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90
38 Sr Strontium Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found 2 5 87.62(1)[III][V] 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370
39 Y Yttrium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found 3 5 88.90584(1) 4.469 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33
40 Zr Zirconium Zircon, a mineral 4 5 91.224(2)[III] 6.506 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165
41 Nb Niobium Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology 5 5 92.90637(1) 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20
42 Mo Molybdenum Greek molýbdaina, 'piece of lead', from mólybdos, 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) 6 5 95.95(1)[III] 10.22 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2
43 Tc Technetium Greek tekhnētós, 'artificial' 7 5 [98][IX] 11.5 2430 4538 – 1.9 ~ 3×10−9[X]
44 Ru Ruthenium New Latin Ruthenia, 'Russia' 8 5 101.07(2)[III] 12.37 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001
45 Rh Rhodium Greek rhodóeis, 'rose-coloured', from rhódon, 'rose' 9 5 102.90549(2) 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001
46 Pd Palladium Asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time 10 5 106.42(1)[III] 12.02 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.2 0.015
47 Ag Silver English word (The symbol is derived from Latin argentum) 11 5 107.8682(2)[III] 10.501 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075
48 Cd Cadmium New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos 12 5 112.414(4)[III] 8.69 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159
49 In Indium Latin indicum, 'indigo' (colour found in its spectrum) 13 5 114.818(1) 7.31 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25
50 Sn Tin English word (The symbol is derived from Latin stannum) 14 5 118.710(7)[III] 7.287 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3
51 Sb Antimony Latin antimonium, the origin of which is uncertain: folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greek antí ('against') + mónos ('alone'), or Old French anti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word. (The symbol is derived from Latin stibium 'stibnite'.) 15 5 121.760(1)[III] 6.685 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2
52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus, 'the ground, Earth' 16 5 127.60(3)[III] 6.232 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001
53 I Iodine French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, 'violet' 17 5 126.90447(3) 4.93 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45
54 Xe Xenon Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos 'strange' 18 5 131.293(6)[III][IV] 0.005887 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.6 3×10−5
55 Cs Caesium Latin caesius, 'sky-blue' 1 6 132.90545196(6) 1.873 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 3
56 Ba Barium Greek barýs, 'heavy' 2 6 137.327(7) 3.594 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425
57 La Lanthanum Greek lanthánein, 'to lie hidden' 6 138.90547(7)[III] 6.145 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39
58 Ce Cerium Dwarf planet Ceres, considered a planet at the time it was discovered 6 140.116(1)[III] 6.77 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5
59 Pr Praseodymium Greek prásios dídymos, 'green twin' 6 140.90766(1) 6.773 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2
60 Nd Neodymium Greek néos dídymos, 'new twin' 6 144.242(3)[III] 7.007 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5
61 Pm Promethium Prometheus of Greek mythology 6 [145][IX] 7.26 1315 3273 – 1.13 2×10−19[X]
62 Sm Samarium Samarskite, a mineral named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official 6 150.36(2)[III] 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05
63 Eu Europium Europe 6 151.964(1)[III] 5.243 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 2
64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist 6 157.25(3)[III] 7.895 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2
65 Tb Terbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found 6 158.925354(8) 8.229 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2
66 Dy Dysprosium Greek dysprósitos, 'hard to get' 6 162.500(1)[III] 8.55 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2
67 Ho Holmium New Latin Holmia, 'Stockholm' 6 164.930328(7) 8.795 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3
68 Er Erbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found 6 167.259(3)[III] 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5
69 Tm Thulium Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location 6 168.934218(6) 9.321 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52
70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found 6 173.045(10)[III] 6.965 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2
71 Lu Lutetium Latin Lutetia, 'Paris' 3 6 174.9668(1)[III] 9.84 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8
72 Hf Hafnium New Latin Hafnia, 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, 'harbour') 4 6 178.49(2) 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 3
73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology 5 6 180.94788(2) 16.654 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 2
74 W Tungsten Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (The symbol W is from Wolfram, a name used for the element in many languages, originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm (wolf's foam) describing the mineral wolframite)[46] 6 6 183.84(1) 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3
75 Re Rhenium Latin Rhenus, 'the Rhine' 7 6 186.207(1) 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 7×10−4
76 Os Osmium Greek osmḗ, 'smell' 8 6 190.23(3)[III] 22.59 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002
77 Ir Iridium Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 192.217(2) 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.2 0.001
78 Pt Platinum Spanish platina, 'little silver', from plata 'silver' 10 6 195.084(9) 21.46 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005
79 Au Gold English word (the symbol Au is derived from Latin aurum) 11 6 196.966570(4) 19.282 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004
80 Hg Mercury Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility (the symbol Hg derives from the element's Latin name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros, 'water-silver') 12 6 200.592(3) 13.5336 234.43 629.88 0.14 2 0.085
81 Tl Thallium Greek thallós, 'green shoot or twig' 13 6 204.38[VII] 11.85 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85
82 Pb Lead English word (the symbol Pb is derived from Latin plumbum) 14 6 207.2(1)[III][V] 11.342 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 14
83 Bi Bismuth German Wismut, from weiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic 15 6 208.98040(1)[IX] 9.807 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009
84 Po Polonium Latin Polonia, 'Poland' (the home country of Marie Curie) 16 6 [209][IX] 9.32 527 1235 – 2.0 2×10−10[X]
85 At Astatine Greek ástatos, 'unstable' 17 6 [210][IX] 7 575 610 – 2.2 3×10−20[X]
86 Rn Radon Radium emanation, originally the name of the isotope Radon-222. 18 6 [222][IX] 0.00973 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 4×10−13[X]
87 Fr Francium France 1 7 [223][IX] 1.87 281 890 – 0.7 ~ 1×10−18[X]
88 Ra Radium French radium, from Latin radius, 'ray' 2 7 [226][IX] 5.5 973 2010 0.094 0.9 9×10−7[X]
89 Ac Actinium Greek aktís, 'ray' 7 [227][IX] 10.07 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 5.5×10−10[X]
90 Th Thorium Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder 7 232.0377(4)[IX][III] 11.72 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6
91 Pa Protactinium Proto- (from Greek prôtos, 'first, before') + actinium, since actinium is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium 7 231.03588(1)[IX] 15.37 1841 4300 – 1.5 1.4×10−6[X]
92 U Uranium Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System 7 238.02891(3)[IX] 18.95 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7
93 Np Neptunium Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System 7 [237][IX] 20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10−12[X]
94 Pu Plutonium Dwarf planet Pluto, considered the ninth planet in the Solar System at the time it was discovered 7 [244][IX] 19.85[XI] 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10−11[X]
95 Am Americium The Americas, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy with europium 7 [243][IX] 13.69 1449 2880 – 1.13 0[XII]
96 Cm Curium Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists 7 [247][IX] 13.51 1613 3383 – 1.28 0[XII]
97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with terbium 7 [247][IX] 14.79 1259 2900 – 1.3 0[XII]
98 Cf Californium California, where the element was first synthesised 7 [251][IX] 15.1 1173 (1743)[XIII] – 1.3 0[XII]
99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein, German physicist 7 [252][IX] 8.84 1133 (1269)[XIII] – 1.3 0[XII]
100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist 7 [257][IX] (9.7)[XIII] (1125)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII]
101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and inventor who proposed the periodic table 7 [258][IX] (10.3)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII]
102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer 7 [259][IX] (9.9)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII]
103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest Lawrence, American physicist 3 7 [266][IX] (15.6)[XIII] (1900)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII]
104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand 4 7 [267][IX] (23.2)[XIII] (2400)[XIII] (5800)[XIII] – – 0[XII]
105 Db Dubnium Dubna, Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located 5 7 [268][IX] (29.3)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist 6 7 [269][IX] (35.0)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr, Danish physicist 7 7 [270][IX] (37.1)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
108 Hs Hassium New Latin Hassia, 'Hesse' (a state in Germany) 8 7 [270][IX] (40.7)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist 9 7 [278][IX] (37.4)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised 10 7 [281][IX] (34.8)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist 11 7 [282][IX] (28.7)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII]
112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer 12 7 [285][IX] (14.0)[XIII] (283)[XIV] (340)[XIV] – – 0[XII]
113 Nh Nihonium Japanese Nihon, 'Japan' (where the element was first synthesised) 13 7 [286][IX] (16)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1400)[XIII] – – 0[XII]
114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist 14 7 [289][IX] (9.928)[XIII] (200) (380) – – 0[XII]
115 Mc Moscovium Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesised 15 7 [290][IX] (13.5)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1400)[XIII] – – 0[XII]
116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis 16 7 [293][IX] (12.9)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 0[XII]
117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee, United States (where Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located) 17 7 [294][IX] (7.2)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (883)[XIII] – – 0[XII]
118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian, Russian-born Armenian physicist 18 7 [294][IX] (7)[XIII][XV] (325)[XIII] (450)[XIII][XVI] – – 0[XII]
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Notes

  1. ^ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
  2. ^ Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of 0.95 K.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
  6. ^ The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l The value listed is the conventional atomic-weight value suitable for trade and commerce. The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample. Since 2009, IUPAC provides the standard atomic-weight values for these elements using the interval notation. The corresponding standard atomic weights are:
    • Hydrogen: [1.00784, 1.00811]
    • Lithium: [6.938, 6.997]
    • Boron: [10.806, 10.821]
    • Carbon: [12.0096, 12.0116]
    • Nitrogen: [14.00643, 14.00728]
    • Oxygen: [15.99903, 15.99977]
    • Magnesium: [24.304, 24.307]
    • Silicon: [28.084, 28.086]
    • Sulfur: [32.059, 32.076]
    • Chlorine: [35.446, 35.457]
    • Argon: [39.792, 39.963]
    • Bromine: [79.901, 79.907]
    • Thallium: [204.382, 204.385]
  8. ^ This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, four such elements, bismuth, thorium, protactinium, and uranium, have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus their standard atomic weights are given.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth).
  11. ^ For plutonium-239.[47]
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x This element is synthetic – the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur naturally, but they can all be produced artificially.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak The value has not been precisely measured, usually because of the element's short half-life; the value given in parentheses is a prediction.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b With error bars: 283±11 K and 340±10 K respectively. The best experimental value for the boiling point of copernicium is 357+112
    −108     K.
  15. ^ This predicted value is for solid oganesson, not gaseous oganesson.
  16. ^ With error bars: mp 325±15 K, bp 450±10 K.
Z Element Earliest use Oldest
existing
sample 		Discoverer(s) Place of
oldest
sample 		Notes
29 Copper 9000 BC 6000 BC Middle East Anatolia Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans.[1] It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BC have been found in Çatal Höyük, Anatolia[2] and the archaeological site of Belovode on the Rudnik mountain in Serbia contains the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting from 5000 BC.[3][4]
82 Lead 7000 BC 3800 BC Africa Abydos, Egypt It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC.[5]
79 Gold Before 6000 BC Before 4000 BC Levant Wadi Qana The earliest gold artifacts were discovered at the site of Wadi Qana in the Levant.[6]
47 Silver Before 5000 BC ca. 4000 BC Asia Minor Asia Minor Estimated to have been discovered in Asia Minor shortly after copper and gold.[7][8]
26 Iron Before 5000 BC 4000 BC Middle East Egypt There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC.[9] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC[10] and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.[11]
6 Carbon 3750 BC 2500 BC Egyptians and Sumerians Middle East The earliest known use of charcoal was for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians.[12] Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BC.[13] True chemical analyses were made in the 18th century,[14] and in 1789 carbon was listed by Antoine Lavoisier as an element.[15]
50 Tin 3500 BC 2000 BC Asia Minor Kestel First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze (and thus giving place to the Bronze Age in those places where Iron Age did not intrude directly on Neolithic of the Stone Age).[clarification needed][16] Kestel, in southern Turkey, is the site of an ancient Cassiterite mine that was used from 3250 to 1800 BC.[17] The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC.[18]
16 Sulfur Before 2000 BC Before AD 815 Middle East Middle East First used at least 4,000 years ago.[19] According to the Ebers Papyrus, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids.[20] Recognized as an element by Jabir ibn Hayyan before AD 815,[21] and by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.
80 Mercury 1500 BC 1500 BC Egyptians Egypt Found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC.[22]
30 Zinc Before 1000 BC 1000 BC Indian metallurgists Indian subcontinent Used as a component of brass since antiquity (before 1000 BC) by Indian metallurgists, but its true nature was not understood in ancient times. Identified as a distinct metal in the Rasaratna Samuccaya around the 14th century of the Christian era[23] and by the alchemist Paracelsus in 1526.[24] Isolated by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746.[25]
33 Arsenic Before AD 815 Before AD 815 Middle-Eastern alchemists Middle East The use of metallic arsenic was described by the Egyptian alchemist Zosimos.[26] The purification of arsenic was later described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan.[27] Albertus Magnus (c. 1200-1280) is typically credited with the description of the metalloid in the West.[28]
51 Antimony Before AD 815 Before AD 815 Jabir ibn Hayyan Middle East Dioscorides and Pliny both describe the accidental production of metallic antimony from stibnite, but only seem to recognize the metal as lead.[29] The intentional isolation of antimony is described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan.[27] In Europe, the metal was being produced and used by 1540, when it was described by Vannoccio Biringuccio.[30]
83 Bismuth Before AD 1000 Before AD 1000 Jabirian corpus Middle East Described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan in the Jabirian corpus.[31][32] Later described in Europe by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753.[33]
Z Element Observed or predicted Isolated (widely known) Notes
By By  
15 Phosphorus 1669 H. Brand 1669 H. Brand Prepared from urine, it was the first element to be discovered since ancient times.[34]
27 Cobalt 1735 G. Brandt 1735 G. Brandt Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.[35]
78 Platinum 1735 A. de Ulloa First description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Ulloa published his findings in 1748, but Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.[36]
28 Nickel 1751 F. Cronstedt 1751 F. Cronstedt Found by attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as fake copper (now known as niccolite).[37]
12 Magnesium 1755 J. Black 1808 H. Davy Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO). Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from magnesia.[38]
1 Hydrogen 1766 H. Cavendish ca. 1500 Paracelsus Cavendish was the first to distinguish H
2 from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1783.[39][40] It was the first elemental gas known.
8 Oxygen 1771 W. Scheele 1604 M. Sendivogius (Michał Sędziwój) Obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777.[41][42] Before him, Sendivogius had produced oxygen by heating saltpetre, correctly identifying it as the "food of life".[43]
7 Nitrogen 1772 D. Rutherford 1772 D. Rutherford Rutherford discovered nitrogen while studying at the University of Edinburgh.[44] He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element at about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775-6.[45]
56 Barium 1772 W. Scheele 1808 H. Davy Scheele distinguished a new earth (BaO) in pyrolusite and Davy isolated the metal by electrolysis.[46]
17 Chlorine 1774 W. Scheele 1774 W. Scheele Obtained it from hydrochloric acid, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.[47]
25 Manganese 1774 W. Scheele 1774 G. Gahn Distinguished pyrolusite as the calx of a new metal. Ignatius Gottfred Kaim also discovered the new metal in 1770, as did Scheele in 1774. It was isolated by reduction of manganese dioxide with carbon.[48]
42 Molybdenum 1778 W. Scheele 1781 J. Hjelm Scheele recognised the metal as a constituent of molybdena.[49]
74 Tungsten 1781 W. Scheele 1783 J. and F. Elhuyar Scheele obtained from scheelite an oxide of a new element. The Elhuyars obtained tungstic acid from wolframite and reduced it with charcoal.[50]
52 Tellurium 1782 F.-J.M. von Reichenstein H. Klaproth Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania.[51]
38 Strontium 1787 W. Cruikshank 1808 H. Davy Cruikshank and Adair Crawford in 1790 concluded that strontianite contained a new earth. It was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Humphry Davy.[52]
1789 A. Lavoisier Lavoisier writes the first modern list of chemical elements – containing 33 elements including light, heat, unextracted "radicals" and some oxides.[53] He also redefines the term "element". Until then, no metals except mercury were considered elements.
40 Zirconium 1789 H. Klaproth 1824 J. Berzelius Martin Heinrich Klaproth identified a new element in zirconia.[54][55]
92 Uranium 1789 H. Klaproth 1841 E.-M. Péligot Klaproth mistakenly identified a uranium oxide obtained from pitchblende as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet Uranus.[56][57]
22 Titanium 1791 W. Gregor 1825 J. Berzelius Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in ilmenite; Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter.[58][59]
39 Yttrium 1794 J. Gadolin 1843 H. Rose Discovered in gadolinite, but Mosander showed later that its ore, yttria, contained more elements.[60][61] Wöhler mistakenly thought he had isolated the metal in 1828 from a volatile chloride he supposed to be yttrium chloride,[62][63] but Rose proved otherwise in 1843 and correctly isolated the element himself that year.
24 Chromium 1794 N. Vauquelin 1797 N. Vauquelin Vauquelin discovered the trioxide in crocoite ore, and later isolated the metal by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven.[64][65]
4 Beryllium 1798 N. Vauquelin 1828 F. Wöhler and A. Bussy Vauquelin discovered the oxide in beryl and emerald, and Klaproth suggested the present name around 1808.[66]
41 Niobium 1801 C. Hatchett 1864 W. Blomstrand Hatchett found the element in columbite ore and named it columbium. Heinrich Rose proved in 1844 that the element is distinct from tantalum, and renamed it niobium which was officially accepted in 1949.[67]
73 Tantalum 1802 G. Ekeberg Ekeberg found another element in minerals similar to columbite and in 1844, Heinrich Rose proved that it was distinct from niobium.[68]
46 Palladium 1802 W. H. Wollaston 1802 W. H. Wollaston Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered asteroid, Ceres, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid Pallas.[69]
58 Cerium 1803 H. Klaproth, J. Berzelius, and W. Hisinger 1838 G. Mosander Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the element in ceria and named it after the newly discovered asteroid (then considered a planet), Ceres. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander proved later that the samples of all three researchers had at least another element in them, lanthanum.[70]
76 Osmium 1803 S. Tennant 1803 S. Tennant Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium.[71]
77 Iridium 1803 S. Tennant 1803 S. Tennant Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804.[72]
45 Rhodium 1804 H. Wollaston 1804 H. Wollaston Wollaston discovered and isolated it from crude platinum samples from South America.[73]
19 Potassium 1807 H. Davy 1807 H. Davy Davy discovered it by using electrolysis on potash.[74]
11 Sodium 1807 H. Davy 1807 H. Davy Andreas Sigismund Marggraf recognised the difference between soda ash and potash in 1758. Davy discovered sodium a few days after potassium, by using electrolysis on sodium hydroxide.[75]
20 Calcium 1808 H. Davy 1808 H. Davy Davy discovered the metal by electrolysis of quicklime.[75]
5 Boron 1808 L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thénard 1808 H. Davy Radical boracique appears on the list of elements in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789.[53] On June 21, 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in sedative salt, Davy announced the isolation of a new substance from boracic acid on June 30.[76]
9 Fluorine 1810 A.-M. Ampère 1886 H. Moissan Radical fluorique appears on the list of elements in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789, but radical muriatique also appears instead of chlorine.[53] André-Marie Ampère predicted an element analogous to chlorine obtainable from hydrofluoric acid, and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain this element. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.[77]
53 Iodine 1811 B. Courtois 1811 B. Courtois Courtois discovered it in the ashes of seaweed.[78]
3 Lithium 1817 A. Arfwedson 1821 W. T. Brande Arfwedson discovered the alkali in petalite.[79]
48 Cadmium 1817 S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff 1817 S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff All three found an unknown metal in a sample of zinc oxide from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.[80]
34 Selenium 1817 J. Berzelius and G. Gahn 1817 J. Berzelius and G. Gahn While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought was tellurium, but realized after more investigation that it was different.[81]
14 Silicon 1823 J. Berzelius 1823 J. Berzelius Humphry Davy thought in 1800 that silica was a compound, not an element, and in 1808 suggested the present name. In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon,[82] but Berzelius is credited with the discovery for obtaining the pure element in 1823.[83]
13 Aluminium 1825 H.C.Ørsted 1825 H.C.Ørsted Antoine Lavoisier predicted in 1787 that alumina is the oxide of an undiscovered element, and in 1808 Humphry Davy tried to decompose it. Although he failed, he suggested the present name. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminium in 1825.[84]
35 Bromine 1825 J. Balard and C. Löwig 1825 J. Balard and C. Löwig They both discovered the element in the autumn of 1825. Balard published his results the next year,[85] but Löwig did not publish until 1827.[86]
90 Thorium 1829 J. Berzelius 1914 D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger Berzelius obtained the oxide of a new earth in thorite.[87]
23 Vanadium 1831 N. G. Sefström 1867 H.E.Roscoe Andrés Manuel del Río found the metal in vanadinite but retracted the claim after Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils disputed it. Nils Gabriel Sefström named it, and later it was shown that Río had been right in the first place.[88]
57 Lanthanum 1838 G. Mosander 1841 G. Mosander Mosander found a new element in samples of ceria and published his results in 1842, but later he showed that this lanthana contained four more elements.[89]
68 Erbium 1843 G. Mosander 1879 T. Cleve Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.[90]
65 Terbium 1843 G. Mosander 1886 J.C.G. de Marignac Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.[91]
44 Ruthenium 1844 K. Claus 1844 K. Claus Gottfried Wilhelm Osann thought that he found three new metals in Russian platinum samples, and in 1844 Karl Karlovich Klaus confirmed that there was a new element.[92]
55 Caesium 1860 R. Bunsen and R. Kirchhoff 1882 C. Setterberg Bunsen and Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding new elements by spectrum analysis. They discovered caesium by its two blue emission lines in a sample of Dürkheim mineral water.[93] The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1882 by Setterberg.[94]
37 Rubidium 1861 R. Bunsen and G. R. Kirchhoff Hevesy Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral lepidolite. Bunsen never obtained a pure sample of the metal, which was later obtained by Hevesy.[95]
81 Thallium 1861 W. Crookes 1862 C.-A. Lamy Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample; later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.[96]
49 Indium 1863 F. Reich and T. Richter 1867 T. Richter Reich and Richter First identified it in sphalerite by its bright indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Richter isolated the metal several years later.[97]
2 Helium 1868 P. Janssen and N. Lockyer 1895 W. Ramsay, T. Cleve, and N. Langlet Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element. This was the first observation of a noble gas, located in the Sun. Years later after the isolation of argon on Earth, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently helium trapped in cleveite.[98]
1869 D. I. Mendeleev Mendeleev arranges the 64 elements known at that time into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others.
31 Gallium 1875 P. E. L. de Boisbaudran P. E. L. de Boisbaudran Boisbaudran observed on a pyrenea blende sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminium that was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 and subsequently isolated the element by electrolysis.[99][100]
70 Ytterbium 1878 J.C.G. de Marignac 1906 C. A. von Welsbach On October 22, 1878, Marignac reported splitting terbia into two new earths, terbia proper and ytterbia.[101]
67 Holmium 1878 J.-L. Soret and M. Delafontaine 1879 T. Cleve Soret found it in samarskite and later, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium. Delafontaine's philippium turned out to be identical to what Soret found.[102][103]
69 Thulium 1879 T. Cleve 1879 T. Cleve Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.[104]
21 Scandium 1879 F. Nilson 1879 F. Nilson Nilson split Marignac's ytterbia into pure ytterbia and a new element that matched Mendeleev's 1871 predicted eka-boron.[105]
62 Samarium 1879 P.E.L. de Boisbaudran 1879 P.E.L. de Boisbaudran Boisbaudran noted a new earth in samarskite and named it samaria after the mineral.[106]
64 Gadolinium 1880 J. C. G. de Marignac 1886 P.E.L. de Boisbaudran Marignac initially observed the new earth in terbia, and later Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from samarskite.[107]
59 Praseodymium 1885 C. A. von Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in Mosander's didymia: praseodymium and neodymium.[108]
60 Neodymium 1885 C. A. von Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in Mosander's didymia: praseodymium and neodymium.[109]
32 Germanium 1886 C. A. Winkler In February 1886 Winkler found in argyrodite the eka-silicon that Mendeleev had predicted in 1871.[110]
66 Dysprosium 1886 P.E.L. de Boisbaudran De Boisbaudran found a new earth in erbia.[111]
18 Argon 1894 Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay 1894 Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.[112]
63 Europium 1896 E.-A. Demarçay 1901 E.-A. Demarçay Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, and separated this element several years later.[113]
36 Krypton 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers On May 30, 1898, Ramsay separated a noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[114]
10 Neon 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[114]
54 Xenon 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers On July 12, 1898 Ramsay separated a third noble gas within three weeks, from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[115]
84 Polonium 1898 P. and M. Curie 1902 W. Marckwald In an experiment done on July 13, 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from pitchblende, which they ascribed to an unknown element.[116]
88 Radium 1898 P. and M. Curie 1902 M. Curie The Curies reported on December 26, 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from uraninite.[117]
86 Radon 1899 E. Rutherford and R. B. Owens 1910 W. Ramsay and R. Whytlaw-Gray Rutherford and Owens discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of thorium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray. In 1900, Friedrich Ernst Dorn discovered a longer-lived isotope of the same gas from the radioactive decay of radium. Since "radon" was first used to specifically designate Dorn's isotope before it became the name for the element, he is often mistakenly given credit for the latter instead of the former.[118][119]
89 Actinium 1902 F. O. Giesel 1902 F. O. Giesel Giesel obtained from pitchblende a substance that had properties similar to those of lanthanum and named it emanium.[120] André-Louis Debierne had previously reported the discovery of a new element actinium that was supposedly similar to titanium and thorium; the elements were mistakenly identified as being identical and Debierne's name was chosen, even though in retrospect Debierne's substance could not have included much actual element 89.[121]
71 Lutetium 1906 C. A. von Welsbach and G. Urbain 1906 C. A. von Welsbach von Welsbach proved that the old ytterbium also contained a new element, which he named cassiopeium. Urbain also proved this simultaneously, but his samples were very impure and only contained trace quantities of the new element. Despite this, his chosen name lutetium was adopted.[122]
75 Rhenium 1908 M. Ogawa 1919 M. Ogawa Ogawa found it in thorianite but assigned it as element 43 instead of 75 and named it nipponium.[123] In 1925 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name.[124]
91 Protactinium 1913 O. H. Göhring and K. Fajans 1927 A. von Grosse The two obtained the first isotope of this element that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as a member of the natural decay of 238U.[125] Originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes, who nevertheless did not recognize that it was a new element.[126]
72 Hafnium 1922 D. Coster and G. von Hevesy 1922 D. Coster and G. von Hevesy Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while Vladimir Vernadsky independently found it in orthite. Neither claim was confirmed due to World War I, and neither could be confirmed later, as the chemistry they reported does not match that now known for hafnium. After the war, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon.[127] Hafnium was the last stable element to be discovered.[128]
43 Technetium 1937 C. Perrier and E. Segrè 1937 C. Perrier & E.Segrè The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum sample that was used in a cyclotron, the first synthetic element to be discovered, though it was later found out that it does occur naturally in minuscule trace quantities. It had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as eka-manganese.[129][130][131]
87 Francium 1939 M. Perey Perey discovered it as a decay product of 227Ac.[132] Francium was the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although four of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine, and promethium) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well.[133]
93 Neptunium 1940 E.M. McMillan and H. Abelson Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it is the first transuranium element discovered.[134]
85 Astatine 1940 R. Corson, R. MacKenzie and E. Segrè Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.[135] Later determined to occur naturally in minuscule quantities (<25 grams in earth's crust).[136]
94 Plutonium 1940–1941 Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, W. Kennedy and E.M. McMillan Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons.[137]
61 Promethium 1942 S. Wu, E.G. Segrè and H. Bethe 1945 Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin,[138][139] and Harold G. Richter[citation needed] It was probably first prepared at the Ohio State University in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the Manhattan Project in 1945.[140]
96 Curium 1944 Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project[141]
95 Americium 1944 G. T. Seaborg, R. A. James, O. Morgan and A. Ghiorso Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project.[142]
97 Berkelium 1949 G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley) Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.[143]
98 Californium 1950 S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley) Bombardment of curium with alpha particles.[144]
99 Einsteinium 1952 A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley) 1952 Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years.[145]
100 Fermium 1952 A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley) Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years.[146]
101 Mendelevium 1955 A. Ghiorso, G. Harvey, R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson and G. T. Seaborg (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with helium.[147]
103 Lawrencium 1961 A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, E. Larsh and M. Latimer (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.[148]
102 Nobelium 1966 E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev and V. A. Ermakov (JINR in Dubna) First prepared by bombardment of uranium with neon atoms[149]
104 Rutherfordium 1969 A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) and I. Zvara et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of californium with carbon atoms by Albert Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of plutonium with neon atoms by Zvara's team.[150]
105 Dubnium 1970 A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) and V. A. Druin et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of californium with nitrogen atoms by Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of americium with neon atoms by Druin's team.[151]
106 Seaborgium 1974 A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) Prepared by bombardment of californium with oxygen atoms.[152]
107 Bohrium 1981 G.Münzenberg et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.[153]
109 Meitnerium 1982 G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.[154]
108 Hassium 1984 G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of lead with iron atoms[155]
110 Darmstadtium 1994 S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of lead with nickel[156]
111 Roentgenium 1994 S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with nickel[157]
112 Copernicium 1996 S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of lead with zinc.[158][159]
114 Flerovium 1999 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with calcium[160]
116 Livermorium 2000 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of curium with calcium[161]
118 Oganesson 2002 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of californium with calcium[162]
115 Moscovium 2003 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of americium with calcium[163]
113 Nihonium 2003–2004 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) and K. Morita et al. (RIKEN in Wako, Japan) Prepared by decay of moscovium by Oganessian's team and bombardment of bismuth with zinc by Morita's team[164]
117 Tennessine 2009 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of berkelium with calcium[165]
No.
 		 Atomic
weight		 Name Sym. M.P.
(°C)		  B.P.
 (°C)		 Density*
(g/cm3)		 Earth
crust (%)*		 Discovery
(Year)		 Group* Electron configuration Ionization
energy (eV)
11.008HydrogenH-259-2530.090.14177611s113.60
24.003HeliumHe-272-2690.181895181s224.59
36.941LithiumLi1801,3470.5318171[He] 2s15.39
49.012BerylliumBe1,2782,9701.8517972[He] 2s29.32
510.811BoronB2,3002,5502.34180813[He] 2s2 2p18.30
612.011CarbonC3,5004,8272.260.09ancient14[He] 2s2 2p211.26
714.007NitrogenN-210-1961.25177215[He] 2s2 2p314.53
815.999OxygenO-218-1831.4346.71177416[He] 2s2 2p413.62
918.998FluorineF-220-1881.700.03188617[He] 2s2 2p517.42
1020.180NeonNe-249-2460.90189818[He] 2s2 2p621.56
1122.990SodiumNa988830.972.7518071[Ne] 3s15.14
1224.305MagnesiumMg6391,0901.742.0817552[Ne] 3s27.65
1326.982AluminumAl6602,4672.708.07182513[Ne] 3s2 3p15.99
1428.086SiliconSi1,4102,3552.3327.69182414[Ne] 3s2 3p28.15
1530.974PhosphorusP442801.820.13166915[Ne] 3s2 3p310.49
1632.065SulfurS1134452.070.05ancient16[Ne] 3s2 3p410.36
1735.453ChlorineCl-101-353.210.05177417[Ne] 3s2 3p512.97
1839.948ArgonAr-189-1861.78189418[Ne] 3s2 3p615.76
1939.098PotassiumK647740.862.5818071[Ar] 4s14.34
2040.078CalciumCa8391,4841.553.6518082[Ar] 4s26.11
2144.956ScandiumSc1,5392,8322.9918793[Ar] 3d1 4s26.56
2247.867TitaniumTi1,6603,2874.540.6217914[Ar] 3d2 4s26.83
2350.942VanadiumV1,8903,3806.1118305[Ar] 3d3 4s26.75
2451.996ChromiumCr1,8572,6727.190.0417976[Ar] 3d5 4s16.77
2554.938ManganeseMn1,2451,9627.430.0917747[Ar] 3d5 4s27.43
2655.845IronFe1,5352,7507.875.05ancient8[Ar] 3d6 4s27.90
2758.933CobaltCo1,4952,8708.9017359[Ar] 3d7 4s27.88
2858.693NickelNi1,4532,7328.900.02175110[Ar] 3d8 4s27.64
2963.546CopperCu1,0832,5678.96ancient11[Ar] 3d10 4s17.73
3065.390ZincZn4209077.13ancient12[Ar] 3d10 4s29.39
3169.723GalliumGa302,4035.91187513[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p16.00
3272.640GermaniumGe9372,8305.32188614[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p27.90
3374.922ArsenicAs816135.72ancient15[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p39.79
3478.960SeleniumSe2176854.79181716[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p49.75
3579.904BromineBr-7593.12182617[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p511.81
3683.800KryptonKr-157-1533.75189818[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p614.00
3785.468RubidiumRb396881.6318611[Kr] 5s14.18
3887.620StrontiumSr7691,3842.5417902[Kr] 5s25.69
3988.906YttriumY1,5233,3374.4717943[Kr] 4d1 5s26.22
4091.224ZirconiumZr1,8524,3776.510.0317894[Kr] 4d2 5s26.63
4192.906NiobiumNb2,4684,9278.5718015[Kr] 4d4 5s16.76
4295.940MolybdenumMo2,6174,61210.2217816[Kr] 4d5 5s17.09
43*98.000TechnetiumTc2,2004,87711.5019377[Kr] 4d5 5s27.28
44101.070RutheniumRu2,2503,90012.3718448[Kr] 4d7 5s17.36
45102.906RhodiumRh1,9663,72712.4118039[Kr] 4d8 5s17.46
46106.420PalladiumPd1,5522,92712.02180310[Kr] 4d108.34
47107.868SilverAg9622,21210.50ancient11[Kr] 4d10 5s17.58
48112.411CadmiumCd3217658.65181712[Kr] 4d10 5s28.99
49114.818IndiumIn1572,0007.31186313[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p15.79
50118.710TinSn2322,2707.31ancient14[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p27.34
51121.760AntimonySb6301,7506.68ancient15[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p38.61
52127.600TelluriumTe4499906.24178316[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p49.01
53126.905IodineI1141844.93181117[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p510.45
54131.293XenonXe-112-1085.90189818[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p612.13
55132.906CesiumCs296781.8718601[Xe] 6s13.89
56137.327BariumBa7251,1403.590.0518082[Xe] 6s25.21
57138.906LanthanumLa9203,4696.1518393[Xe] 5d1 6s25.58
58140.116CeriumCe7953,2576.771803101[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s25.54
59140.908PraseodymiumPr9353,1276.771885101[Xe] 4f3 6s25.47
60144.240NeodymiumNd1,0103,1277.011885101[Xe] 4f4 6s25.53
61*145.000PromethiumPm1,1003,0007.301945101[Xe] 4f5 6s25.58
62150.360SamariumSm1,0721,9007.521879101[Xe] 4f6 6s25.64
63151.964EuropiumEu8221,5975.241901101[Xe] 4f7 6s25.67
64157.250GadoliniumGd1,3113,2337.901880101[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s26.15
65158.925TerbiumTb1,3603,0418.231843101[Xe] 4f9 6s25.86
66162.500DysprosiumDy1,4122,5628.551886101[Xe] 4f10 6s25.94
67164.930HolmiumHo1,4702,7208.801867101[Xe] 4f11 6s26.02
68167.259ErbiumEr1,5222,5109.071842101[Xe] 4f12 6s26.11
69168.934ThuliumTm1,5451,7279.321879101[Xe] 4f13 6s26.18
70173.040YtterbiumYb8241,4666.901878101[Xe] 4f14 6s26.25
71174.967LutetiumLu1,6563,3159.841907101[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s25.43
72178.490HafniumHf2,1505,40013.3119234[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s26.83
73180.948TantalumTa2,9965,42516.6518025[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s27.55
74183.840TungstenW3,4105,66019.3517836[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s27.86
75186.207RheniumRe3,1805,62721.0419257[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s27.83
76190.230OsmiumOs3,0455,02722.6018038[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s28.44
77192.217IridiumIr2,4104,52722.4018039[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s28.97
78195.078PlatinumPt1,7723,82721.45173510[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s18.96
79196.967GoldAu1,0642,80719.32ancient11[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s19.23
80200.590MercuryHg-3935713.55ancient12[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s210.44
81204.383ThalliumTl3031,45711.85186113[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p16.11
82207.200LeadPb3271,74011.35ancient14[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p27.42
83208.980BismuthBi2711,5609.75ancient15[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p37.29
84*209.000PoloniumPo2549629.30189816[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p48.42
85*210.000AstatineAt3023370.00194017[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p59.30
86*222.000RadonRn-71-629.73190018[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p610.75
87*223.000FranciumFr276770.0019391[Rn] 7s14.07
88*226.000RadiumRa7001,7375.5018982[Rn] 7s25.28
89*227.000ActiniumAc1,0503,20010.0718993[Rn] 6d1 7s25.17
90232.038ThoriumTh1,7504,79011.721829102[Rn] 6d2 7s26.31
91231.036ProtactiniumPa1,568015.401913102[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s25.89
92238.029UraniumU1,1323,81818.951789102[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s26.19
93*237.000NeptuniumNp6403,90220.201940102[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s26.27
94*244.000PlutoniumPu6403,23519.841940102[Rn] 5f6 7s26.03
95*243.000AmericiumAm9942,60713.671944102[Rn] 5f7 7s25.97
96*247.000CuriumCm1,340013.5019441025.99
97*247.000BerkeliumBk986014.7819491026.20
98*251.000CaliforniumCf900015.1019501026.28
99*252.000EinsteiniumEs86000.0019521026.42
100*257.000FermiumFm1,52700.0019521026.50
101*258.000MendeleviumMd000.0019551026.58
102*259.000NobeliumNo82700.0019581026.65
103*262.000LawrenciumLr1,62700.0019611024.90
104*261.000RutherfordiumRf000.00196440.00
105*262.000DubniumDb000.00196750.00
106*266.000SeaborgiumSg000.00197460.00
107*264.000BohriumBh000.00198170.00
108*277.000HassiumHs000.00198480.00
109*268.000MeitneriumMt000.00198290.00
No.
 		 Atomic
weight		 Name Sym. M.P.
(°C)		  B.P.
 (°C)		 Density*
(g/cm3)		 Earth crust
(%)*		 Discovery
(Year)		 Group* Electron configuration Ionization
energy (eV)
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